Already at the end of the 19th and the beginning the 20th Century various European scholars, like Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932), Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Otto Neurath (1882-1944) were exploring new ways to organize, visualize and to disseminate knowledge on a global level, encountering similar problems but also coming up with solutions comparable to the Internet and World Wide Web.
The Belgian Paul Otlet (1868-1944) together with the politician and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize of 1913, Henry La Fontaine, in the period before the First World War formed several "knowledge" organizations in Brussels: the International Institute of Bibliography (1895), an International Library assembled from the collections of scholarly and other societies and associations in Brussels (1906), an International Museum (1910), the Union of International Associations (1910), and a World University (1920) etc. all combined after the War into what Otlet called the Palais Mondial, later the Mundaneum, an immense physical structure that was part of the Palais du Cinquantenaire in Brussels. A form of the Mundaneum in the early 1990s was re-recreated in Mons, Belgium, as a museum and archive dedicated in large part to the work of Otlet and LaFontaine.
Visual Forms of Knowledge
From the first, Olet was interested in the ways in which images could be used to simplify and display complex information. "Documentation," a term he coined in 1904, for him involved the mobilization not only written documents but documents of all kinds and he placed a special value on images, schemas, charts, tables and so on. In his view the book was an inconvenient and inefficient carrier of information that had to be decomposed and dissected in order to draw out its essential and most valuable "bits" of information. Recorded separately according to what Otlet called "the monographic principle," each individual item of information could then be reprocessed in various ways for more effective dissemination and use.
(Fig. 1, Click to Enlarge). The book dissected and recomposed into files to form the basis for a new form of encyclopedia source: Mons, Archives du Musée du Mondaneum, EUM [1934]
Late in his life, Otlet's preoccupation with visualization intensified. He began to develop what he called an Atlas Mundaneum (Encyclopaedia Universalis Mundaneum), in which he sought to express the ideas on knowledge organization, visualization and dissemination that he had treated in extenso in written form in his Traité de documentation (1934). The Atlas Mundaeum was also intended to visualize his views on the emergence of a global society that he had summarized in the sometimes cryptic text of Monde (1935). For the various sections of Atlas Mundaneum, and as he experimented with visual ideas generally, images ranging from scribbles on tiny pieces of paper, to larger pieces more fully developed, sometimes multicolored, to large formal final images in standardized "tableaux" or charts are to be found in their thousands in the Mundaneum in Mons. In the latest of these images Otlet started to experiment with 3D and 4D “mobile” visualizations of information and came up with solutions that are coming close to presentations of changing relations between data in interfaces designed for the computer.
(Fig 2, Click to Enlarge) Otlet, Visualization of Le Plan Mondial in the form a cube moving along 3 axes Mons, Archives du Musée du Mundaneum, EUM, OP 103 : « Le plan mondial » [1934-35].
In this visualization of Le Plan Mondial, the three visible sides of a cube represent 1) the domains, 2) the sectors and 3) the instruments of the world plan. The cube's movement along the three axes labelled : 4 (degree of reach), 5 (space), and 6 (time), would change the relationships between the data.
Some Examples of Otlet's visualization of knowledge organization and dissemination
It should be noted that Otlet was no artist and that his eyesight was especially bad towards the end of his life. As he experimented with different kinds of images, the result, especially early in the process of working and reworking his grandiose ideas of globalization and universalism, are images that are rather crudely drawn. A fascinating, complex image of the “le reseau mondial,” the world network of documentation or network of what we would now call information, is given below. It depicts the processes and relationships of the institutions for knowledge organization to which Otlet had dedicated his life. This network links the citizen in a hierarchical structure to an "emblematic" world city as an architectural object and to a great central knowledge organization, the Mundaneum, as a physical institution. This shows how far he has come in attempting to capture the essential features of the network from the related diagram published in his Traité de Documentation:
(Fig 3., Click to Enlarge) Otlet’s “internet” linking the individual to the “civitas mundaneum”
source: Mons, Archives du Musée du Mundaneum, EUM)
Otlet foreshadows a network to which access is to be had by a screen and a telephone, all that the scholar would ultimately need, he believed, on his work desk. In his Encyclopedia Universalis Mundaneum Otlet visualizes a form of teleconferencing involving the gramophone, film, radio and television, anticipating what we would nowadays call hypermedia. Otlet’s version of the Internet or World Wide Web, has only recently been achieving the multi media and interactive dimensions that he foreshadowed. He imagines an arrangement of multimedia machines illustrated in the next image having an important interactive capability that in effect could create a "virtual" reality.
"Cinema, phonograph, radio, television - these instruments considered to be substitutes for the book have become in fact the new book, the most powerful of means for the diffusion of human thought. By radio not only will one be everywhere able to hear one will everywhere be able to speak . By means of television not only will one be able to see what is happening everywhere, but everyone will be able to view what he would like to see from his own vantage point. From his armchair, everyone will hear, see, participate, will even be able to applaud, give ovations, sing in the chorus, add his cries of participation to those of all the others."(Otlet, Traité de Documentation 1934, 431).
(Fig. 4, Click to Enlarge) Otlet’s “hypermedia”: teleconferencing by combining telephone, radio, gramophone, films and television
source: Mons, Archives du Musée du Mundaneum, EUM
A pen and ink sketch of 1943, the year before Otlet died, brings together his ideas on a global networked world. We see the Mundaneum once again in the spiral form originally proposed in 1928 by the famous architect, Le Corbusier, for a building for the Mundaneum on the shores of Lake Geneva. However Otlet now shows the Mundaneum not just as a physical structure, a museum, that contains representations of the accumulation of knowledge over time. It is also presented as a global transmitter of knowledge by sound (“radio-telephone”) and by image (“radio-television”).
(Fig 5, Click to Enlarge). Otlet, pen and ink sketch for the Mundaneum, “a machine to contemplate the world from one’s armchair on individual screens”
Source : Mons, Archives du Musée du Mundaneum, 1943.08.15
This rough, experimental sketch is effectively a visualization of what Otlet wrote in Monde (1935): the necessity for “an instrumentation acting across distance which would combine at the same time radio, x-rays, cinema, and micro photography. All the things of the universe and all those of man would be registered from afar as they were produced. Thus the moving image of the world would be established – its memory, its true duplicate. From afar anyone would be able to read the passage that, expanded or limited to the desired subject, could be projected on his individual screen. Thus, in his armchair anyone would be able to contemplate the whole of creation or particular parts of it”. An astonishing image when one contemplates Tim Berners-Lee’s statement: “My original vision for a universal web was an armchair to help people to do things in the web of real life”. (Weaving the Web, 1999, p. 177-178)
References:
European Modernism and the Information Society Conference site
http://www.lis.uiuc.edu/conferences/EuroMod.05/
W. Boyd Rayward, Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext
JASIS 45 (1994):235-250
http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~wrayward/otlet/xanadu.htm
Charles van den Heuvel
University of Maastricht, Faculty of Arts and Culture, Technology and Society Studies- Leiden, University Library, Map curator Collection Bodel Nijenhuis
c.vandenheuvel@tss.unimaas.nl
and
W. Boyd Rayward
Graduate School of Library and Information Science
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~wrayward/rayward.html
Welcome to our new SIGVIS Weblog. Information Visualization is a rapidly emerging field at the nexus of a spectrum of academic disciplines - transdisciplinary and for the 21st century. Historically, the area of research has been ahead of its time, synthetic, traversing and recombining innovation from traditionally compartmentalized academic disciplines. This weblog will focus on visionary possibilities and historical trajectories of information visualization. We encourage submissions that are transgressive, visually colorful and imaginative with an emphasis on the 'image', 'visualization' and 'sound' and with regards to 'information'. 
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